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A Diffusion-Based Generative Framework for Synthetic Arrhythmia ECG Signals
Deep learning models for arrhythmia detection require large, balanced datasets to achieve clinically acceptable performance. Rare arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and complete heart block are severely under-represented in public ECG repositories, leading to classifiers that perform well on normal sinus rhythm but fail catastrophically on minority classes. Traditional data augmentation techniques including scaling, noise addition, and time warping cannot generate new arrhythmia morphological patterns. Real-world collection of rare arrhythmia events is impractical due to low prevalence, ethical constraints, and the need for expert annotation. We present a diffusion-based generative framework that synthesizes realistic ECG signals with controlled arrhythmia patterns. The architecture comprises a conditional denoising diffusion probabilistic model trained on a small set of labeled arrhythmia examples, enabling unlimited generation of specific arrhythmia types including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions. The framework includes three core components: (1) an ECG diffusion model with a 1D U-Net denoising architecture, (2) a condition encoder that accepts arrhythmia class labels and optional morphological parameters, and (3) a downstream classifier training pipeline that leverages synthetic data to correct class imbalance. This approach generates unlimited realistic arrhythmia examples with preserved morphological features including QRS duration, QT interval, and RR interval dynamics. The generative process inherently resists membership inference attacks, providing a privacy-preserving alternative to sharing real patient ECGs. The proposed framework offers a viable pathway toward balanced, privacy-preserving ECG datasets for arrhythmia detection, requiring only a small seed set of labeled rare arrhythmia examples to generate clinically useful synthetic data.
Journal of Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare Systems
Original Research | Open access | 20 July 2025 | Article: 106
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AI-driven Diagnostics Artificial Intelligence in Health Informatics Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Big Data in Healthcare Clinical Data Mining Clinical Decision Support Systems Clinical Informatics Computer Vision Connected Health Systems Deep Learning Digital Health Digital Healthcare Innovation Digital Transformation in Healthcare Electronic Health Records Ethical AI in Healthcare Explainable AI Health Data Analytics Health Data Privacy Health Informatics Health Information Management Health Information Systems Health System Optimization Health Technology Assessment Healthcare Data Science Healthcare Informatics Healthcare Information Security Healthcare Management Healthcare Management Information Systems Intelligent Medical Systems Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Interoperability in Healthcare Systems Machine Learning Medical Data Analytics Medical Data Management Medical Imaging Mobile Health (mHealth) Natural Language Processing Precision Medicine Predictive Analytics Remote Patient Monitoring Smart Healthcare Systems Telemedicine Wearable Health Technologies e-Health




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