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Oncology drug development is an expensive and high-failure process, with costs exceeding two billion dollars per approved drug and success rates below 10%. Deep learning has recently been explored as a strategy to improve efficiency across the drug discovery pipeline. This systematic review evaluates its application in target identification, compound screening and de novo drug design, and clinical trial optimization. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, multiple databases were searched and studies were screened using predefined inclusion criteria, with risk of bias assessed via established tools. The literature shows that graph neural networks and transformer-based models are the most widely used architectures, particularly in early-stage discovery tasks. Although many studies report strong in silico performance, often with AUC values above 0.80, only a small proportion demonstrate experimental or clinical validation. Overall, deep learning significantly advances computational drug discovery in oncology, but translation into clinically validated therapies remains limited, especially in trial optimization, highlighting the need for stronger prospective and experimental validation frameworks.

Sleep disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, and central sleep apnea, represent a major public health burden. Polysomnography is the diagnostic gold standard but is resource-intensive, leading to increasing use of home sleep apnea testing and wearable devices to improve accessibility. This systematic review evaluates deep learning models in sleep medicine across polysomnography, home sleep apnea testing, and wearable data, focusing on architectures, signal types, validation approaches, diagnostic tasks, and clinical readiness. A PRISMA 2020–compliant search was conducted in PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from 2017 to 2025, including those applying deep learning for sleep staging, apnea/hypopnea detection, or sleep disorder diagnosis using PSG, HSAT, or wearable-derived signals. Twenty-nine studies were included. Convolutional neural networks were the most widely used architecture, often combined with recurrent or hybrid models for temporal dependencies, while transformer-based models have recently emerged for long-sequence sleep analysis. Deep learning methods demonstrate strong performance in sleep staging and respiratory event detection, especially using polysomnography data. However, limited external validation, heterogeneous datasets, and a lack of prospective clinical deployment remain major barriers to clinical translation.

Rare pediatric tumors like sarcomas, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, and retinoblastoma pose a challenge for developing deep learning models due to the limited availability of histopathology images, which are distributed across multiple institutions. This scarcity is compounded by privacy concerns, as whole-slide images often contain sensitive clinical and genomic data, and generative adversarial networks (GANs) risk memorizing and leaking training samples. To address this, a differentially private GAN framework is proposed for synthesizing high-resolution histopathology patches of rare pediatric cancers. The framework incorporates a generator for image synthesis, a discriminator for realism assessment, per-sample gradient clipping, Gaussian noise injection, and a privacy accountant, ensuring provable privacy guarantees during the training process. The synthetic images generated can aid in data augmentation, model pre-training, and benchmarking without exposing identifiable pathology data, offering a privacy-preserving solution for dataset augmentation while emphasizing the importance of clinical validation.

Anticoagulation management requires balancing multiple factors such as bleeding risk, thromboembolic risk, drug interactions, and renal function. Deep learning can assist in risk prediction, but its effectiveness relies on clinicians' ability to understand and verify the recommendations. Black-box models may recommend actions without providing clear explanations. In contrast, clinical guidelines are rule-based but not directly executable by neural models. This article introduces a neuro-symbolic XAI framework that combines deep learning predictions with explicit clinical guidelines. It includes a neural prediction module, a symbolic reasoning engine, and an integration layer for traceable justifications. The neuro-symbolic approach connects data-driven predictions to clinical rules, improving auditability and trustworthiness in decision support. This framework aims to enhance anticoagulation management by providing verifiable, clinician-understandable decision support, focusing on explainability-by-design.

Pharmacy verification is a critical safety checkpoint that protects patients from inappropriate medication use before administration. Verification backlogs can emerge when complex orders, high patient demand, and limited pharmacist capacity converge. Backlog management is often reactive because supervisors typically recognize risk only after the queue is already growing. By that point, turnaround times may already be delayed and urgent orders may compete with routine workload. This article proposes a conceptual deep learning model to forecast pharmacy verification backlog depth over short operational horizons. The model integrates medication order characteristics, pharmacist staffing, patient acuity, high-alert medication flags, and historical queue dynamics. The proposed model would use timestamped medication orders, staffing indicators, acuity signals, and queue-state variables as a multivariate temporal input stream. A recurrent or temporal convolutional neural network could transform these inputs into predicted queue length and backlog probability for upcoming time windows. Conceptually, the model would provide early warning of impending verification congestion before the queue becomes operationally disruptive. Such forecasts could support pre-emptive pharmacist reallocation, prioritization of urgent orders, and improved shift-lead situational awareness. A deep learning approach could shift pharmacy operations management from retrospective queue monitoring toward proactive backlog prevention. This model-oriented framework offers a foundation for future prospective evaluation in high-volume hospital pharmacy environments.

Clinical service line margins are increasingly pressured by value-based reimbursement, payer-specific contracting, and operational constraints that alter the relationship between clinical activity and financial performance. Traditional forecasting remains largely anchored in static budgets and delayed variance reports rather than continuously updated clinical and operational signals. Current financial planning tools often cannot dynamically incorporate evolving case mix, payer contracts, length of stay, resource consumption, and throughput patterns before deviations appear in the general ledger. As a result, service line leaders may recognize margin deterioration only after financial corrective action is already delayed. This article proposes a deep learning model for predicting clinical service line financial performance, including revenue, cost, and contribution margin. The model is designed to integrate clinical, operational, resource utilization, payer, and volume-based predictors into a unified forecasting framework. The proposed approach uses a temporal deep learning architecture that fuses static service line characteristics with dynamic monthly features. It would generate forward-looking financial forecasts with uncertainty-aware outputs and interpretable drivers for service line executives. Conceptually, the model would identify a pending margin shortfall driven by a combination of rising patient acuity, unfavorable payer contract exposure, higher resource consumption, longer length of stay, and declining procedure volume. Such forecasts would support earlier operational review and targeted cost-management actions before formal budget variance escalation. A deep learning model for service line financial forecasting could enable continuous surveillance of revenue, expense, and margin risk. By linking clinical activity, payer dynamics, and operational throughput, the approach could support proactive decision-making by service line directors and health system finance leaders.